Timeline of Art Essay Example For Students

Timeline of Art Essay The Thread: The thread which joins all the isms in the twentieth century are its slow evolution from one period to another. As artists from one concepts were exploring a certain idea that led to another either just for the sake of the curiosity or by sheer boredom. Therefore my paper deals with the evolution of different isms in this century. Fauvism: From 1904-7, for a very brief period, a few Paris painters evolved a style of painting that earned the name Les Fauves wild beasts. Henri Matisse, Andre Derain and Maurice Vlaminck were the major contributors to this style of painting which gained popularity due to its apparent freedom of expression with the use of pure colors and exaggeration of drawing. Among all of the twentieth century art movements, this was the most transient and least definable. The three major painters work was highly individual and shared only for brief periods. The momentary excitement that held these painters aloft and allowed them the maximum of freedom, deserted them as their work developed and matured. The hangover from this movement led to new means of expression. We will write a custom essay on Timeline of Art specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It was never a movement with aims that could be realized such as successive movements as Cubism was, but was a erratic process of experiments with possibilities suggested by the post-impressionist painters. Cubism: Cubism, which began very shortly after Fauvism, is exemplified by Pablo Picasso. In this movement the flattened space including background and foreground are related in a new and more abrupt manner. The first effect is of a camera in motion, a kaleidoscopic impression of the solid portions of the figure. This certain feature can be contrasted to the impressionist movements works. Added to this kaleidoscopic quality is another new element. Picasso and his Cubist colleagues disintegrated the form into a series of simultaneously viewed but different aspects of the same subject. A cubist painter, to achieve a greater understanding, walked about the subject, observing it from significant various angles and recording them as his impressions of form. But this procedure led to actual destruction of form and its reduction to a series of decorative elements. Negro art and sculpture had a profound effect and it was quite extensively used by Picasso. Negro sculpture approved his subject in a more conceptual way than a naturalistic depiction, mostly by a western view. This resulted in forms that were more abstract and stylized and in a sense more symbolic. Picasso held the view that it was art that held the key to the young twentieth century painters to liberate themselves and was more representational and anti-naturalistic. The rational, geometric breakdown of the human head and body provided Picasso re-appraisal of his subjects. This style gave birth to the next phase of development, known as synthetic Cubism. Georges Barque was major contributor to this style, in which he joined bits of real wallpaper, playing cards, tobacco package labels and other materials. These were selected not to form impact but for decorative and compositional-making. In this form, the Cubists were more concerned with textural and decorative values. Cubism was an art of experiment which stripped bare the mechanics of pictorial creation and destroyed the artificial barriers between abstraction and representation. It still remains the pivotal movement in the art of the first half of this century. Abstract Expressionism: Since the World War II the paintings movement had gathered considerable momentum. The political realities of the time- from 1943 to early 1950s- the War, the Holocaust in Europe, the apparent threat of the world destruction by atomic bomb, the conservative reaction of McCarthyism in United States and even intensified hurly burly of city life-resulted in a movement called Abstract Expressionism. Abstract Expressionism combined two tendencies already evident in the twentieth century; the drive to create totally abstract works and express emotion through the use of brilliant colors. .ud1443a7b4c2ea98ce2adc8f0c1f25a45 , .ud1443a7b4c2ea98ce2adc8f0c1f25a45 .postImageUrl , .ud1443a7b4c2ea98ce2adc8f0c1f25a45 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud1443a7b4c2ea98ce2adc8f0c1f25a45 , .ud1443a7b4c2ea98ce2adc8f0c1f25a45:hover , .ud1443a7b4c2ea98ce2adc8f0c1f25a45:visited , .ud1443a7b4c2ea98ce2adc8f0c1f25a45:active { border:0!important; } .ud1443a7b4c2ea98ce2adc8f0c1f25a45 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud1443a7b4c2ea98ce2adc8f0c1f25a45 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud1443a7b4c2ea98ce2adc8f0c1f25a45:active , .ud1443a7b4c2ea98ce2adc8f0c1f25a45:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud1443a7b4c2ea98ce2adc8f0c1f25a45 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud1443a7b4c2ea98ce2adc8f0c1f25a45 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud1443a7b4c2ea98ce2adc8f0c1f25a45 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud1443a7b4c2ea98ce2adc8f0c1f25a45 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud1443a7b4c2ea98ce2adc8f0c1f25a45:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud1443a7b4c2ea98ce2adc8f0c1f25a45 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud1443a7b4c2ea98ce2adc8f0c1f25a45 .ud1443a7b4c2ea98ce2adc8f0c1f25a45-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud1443a7b4c2ea98ce2adc8f0c1f25a45:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Art of Leonid Afremov EssayThe leading figure of this new painting style was Jackson Pollock, who produced his large works by dribbling strands of paint on the canvas, involving his whole body in the activity and creating sensations of sparkling energy and movement. The term Action Painting was coined to describe how Pollock worked. Pollock felt, he could become emotionally involved with his work and through it communicate his emotions to the viewer. A more violent and intense form of Action Painting was devised by Willem de Kooning from whose seeming destruction of form gradually emerged a bodily image. During the fifties, older and younger artists alike were affected by the trend towards discarding all standards of form. Mark Rothko developed a uniquely personal, reserved, almost mystical mode of painting in which colors interacted as they appeared to shift in space. In this geometrical abstraction, a clarity of design appeared, together with the use of flickering effects of color. The example of Abstract Expressionism was followed within a short time by artists all over the world. In Great Britain, abstract art took on fresh importance when new relationships of form and color were highlighted in two and three dimensions. A number of painters in Belgium, Holland and Denmark added the aggressive aspects of Abstract Expressionism to their own versions of Northern-European Expressionism. Again, in Germany and Italy there also emerged followers of the new fashion who strove to express their own feelings through unobstructed out- pouring in paint. This led to matter painting in which very thick layers of paint, mixed with plaster and manipulated on the surface of the canvas. At the height of popularity of Abstract Expressionism worldwide, the fashion was swept aside and interest turned in the appearance of Pop-Art. Pop-Art: By early 1960s a newer style called Pop Art began to thrust into fore-front. Pop Art depicted every day objects and images in techniques borrowed from advertising and the comics. The first Pop Art work was made in Britain. In America it grew by slow stages out of the prevailing abstract expressionist style. Its reception was not too warming. According to the critics, Pop art depicts the consumer environment and its mentality: ugliness becomes beauty. Another said, Subject is raised to the status of content by the artists attitude to it. as it emerged from the experiment of the fifties, Pop art was the ideal instrument for coming to grips with the American urban environment. Although the imagery referred to popular culture, the works of the pop painters were as much art made out of art as the self-conscious purely formal arrangement. Pop art was the product of industrial revolution which succeeded it. It brought together fashion, democracy, and the machine. Andy Warhol, a leading Pop artist, as a commercial illustrator used, whimsical methods in Ethel Scull 36 Times, grotesquely made up Marilyn Monroe and tearful Jackie Kennedy. As the fashionable fever over Pop art died down, the other styles pressed forward. Op Art: The painters showed renewed interest in investigating the technical possibilities of abstract painting and extending its ability to create optical sensations with or without emotional content, called Op Art. This led to optical illusion and other visual effects achieved by manipulating abstract form and color areas. Op art was first referred in Life. By 1965, Op art was a household phrase referring to black and white boldly patterned fabrics, window displays, and generally used objects. Op arts crucial aspect involved a technique rather than an ideology. It was impossible to make exact distinction where the movement began and ended. Sometimes. Kinetic and op art were grouped together to achieve a unique illusion. The number of artists working in op art were very limited. Most famous explored such effects like the wavy shimmering forms on watered silks. Op paintings do not necessarily lend to intellectual exploration. There main reason is to provoke an intense sensual and often sensational impact. Minimalism: Minimalism can be best described as the art which no longer cared about to serve state and religion. .u1c36d96620d80c531138cf6af763f8ab , .u1c36d96620d80c531138cf6af763f8ab .postImageUrl , .u1c36d96620d80c531138cf6af763f8ab .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1c36d96620d80c531138cf6af763f8ab , .u1c36d96620d80c531138cf6af763f8ab:hover , .u1c36d96620d80c531138cf6af763f8ab:visited , .u1c36d96620d80c531138cf6af763f8ab:active { border:0!important; } .u1c36d96620d80c531138cf6af763f8ab .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1c36d96620d80c531138cf6af763f8ab { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1c36d96620d80c531138cf6af763f8ab:active , .u1c36d96620d80c531138cf6af763f8ab:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1c36d96620d80c531138cf6af763f8ab .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1c36d96620d80c531138cf6af763f8ab .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1c36d96620d80c531138cf6af763f8ab .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1c36d96620d80c531138cf6af763f8ab .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1c36d96620d80c531138cf6af763f8ab:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1c36d96620d80c531138cf6af763f8ab .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1c36d96620d80c531138cf6af763f8ab .u1c36d96620d80c531138cf6af763f8ab-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1c36d96620d80c531138cf6af763f8ab:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Contemporary Art History Notes EssayIt wanted to exist for itself and for itself only. Minimalism celebrated rationalism and a mathematical way of thinking, where an object would point toward an immediate legible geometry. Minimalism defined a mutual sense of psychologically indifferent decoration. The minimalists shared the view that a work of art should be completely conceived by the mind before its execution. They wanted to get away from the idea of self-expression. The Minimalists introduced the idea with a commitment to clarity, conceptual region and simplicity. Despite some earlier opposition, Minimalism became a decisive force in painting, music and dance. Conceptual art: In late sixties to early seventies an extended free-for-all art began which lasted for more than a decade. This extremely diverse range of activities were labeled as Conceptual ,Idea or Information Art. This movement placed an emphasis on ideas: ideas about everything around us, an unruly range of information, subjects and concerns. These diverse ideas were conveyed by written proposals, photographs, documents, charts, film and video, maps, artists use of own bodies and language. This resulted in art form which demanded a new kind of attention and mental participation from the viewer. Post modern Art: Post modern art started in late seventies and then was applied to everything that followed it. The post modernist is best exemplified by some of the artists works around 1980 that recycled conflicting images and systems of representation. Identities rooted in gender and sexuality became central forces in the development of post modernism. The emergence of gay and feminist movements in 1970s challenged conventional assumptions about sexuality and gender. Explicitly feminist and gay perspectives began to affect the arts. By frankly engaging in social issues, post modernists deal with ideology, the mass media and the dynamics of authority. ACT UP and WHAM, the two organizations were actively involved in bringing out social education in the AIDS crisis. The arts world presence in a number of controversial issues brought forward the wrath of conservatives in the Congress. Along with by highlighting some abuses in the arts world Congress tried to cut major funds to a number of individual artists and museums. Art has been a major part of our development. One can accumulate a number of high-tech weapons to gain superiority but it is gain in the art world which brings harmony and peace in this diverse world. Even before the Cold War ended, the involved countries were familiar with each other only by heir respective artistic talents. There was always artistic exchanges among the countries with an understanding to know each other differences and similarities. Art worlds subsidization should be a major part of our budget. America is known more in the foreign world for its various artistic talents as in films and video as for its better-equipped army.

Erik Eriksons Theory

Erik Eriksons Theory Free Online Research Papers Much of who we are or who we develop into can be summed up in only eight different stages. During these eight different stages we develop what is considered one of the two important traits of that time period. Of these sixteen possible traits that one can develop usually one is desired while the other is often times not. During each of Erik Erikson’s stages the traits are presented in opposites such as stage one is trust vs. mistrust, stage two is autonomy vs. shame, stage three is initiative vs. guilt, stage four is industry vs. inferiority, stage five is identity vs. role confusion, stage six is intimacy and solidarity vs. isolation, stage seven is generativity vs. self absorption or stagnation and stage eight is integrity vs. despair. These stages are Erikson’s view of what each person encounters during a full life. 1. Infancy: Birth to 18 Months Ego Development Outcome: Trust vs. Mistrust Basic strength: Drive and Hope Erikson also referred to infancy as the Oral Sensory Stage where the major emphasis is on the mothers positive and loving care for the child, with a big emphasis on visual contact and touch (Harder). If we pass successfully through this stage of life, we will learn that life is okay and will build confidence later on. If we do not pass through this stage successfully then we are often skeptical of the world we live in. If we don’t trust the world we live in then sometimes it could result in detachment from people and could lead to depression and anxiety. 2. Early Childhood: 18 Months to 3 Years Ego Development Outcome: Autonomy vs. Shame Basic Strengths: Self-control, Courage, and Will During this stage we learn to fine tune certain skills by ourselves. Not only do we learn to walk, talk and feed ourselves, we are learning finer motor development as well as the much appreciated toilet training (Harder). This is also the time when we can experiment with different ideas and learn to build our self-esteem. We can also take on new challenges and build new skills such as learning the difference between right and wrong. And one of our skills during the Terrible Twos is our ability to use the powerful word NO! It may be pain for parents, but it develops important skills of the will (Harder). However, during this stage we can be vulnerable. If during the process of learning important skills we begin to feel shame than we could suffer lower self-esteem later on.. 3. Play Age: 3 to 5 Years Ego Development Outcome: Initiative vs. Guilt Basic Strength: Purpose During this period we experience a desire to copy the adults around us and take initiative in creating play situations (Harder). We make up stories with our stuff animals, we love to talk on our toy phones or race our Hot wheel cars, playing out roles in a trial universe, experimenting with the idea of what we believe it means to be an adult. We also begin to say â€Å"Why†. While Erikson was influenced by Freud, he downplays biological sexuality in favor of the psychosocial features of conflict between child and parents (Harder). Nevertheless, he said that at this stage we usually become involved in the classic Oedipal struggle and resolve this struggle through social role identification(Harder). During this age kids are classified as beginning stage one of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. During this stage the child assumes that powerful authorities hand down a fixed set of rules which he or she must unquestioningly obey (Crain). Kohlberg calls stage 1 thinking preconventional because children do not yet speak as members of society. Instead, they see morality as something external to themselves, as that which the big people say they must do (Crain). 4. School Age: 6 to 12 Years Ego Development Outcome: Industry vs. Inferiority Basic Strengths: Method and Competence During what is often called the Latency stage we are capable of learning, creating and accomplishing numerous new skills and knowledge, thus developing a sense of industry. This is also a very social stage of development and if we experience unresolved feelings of inadequacy and inferiority among our peers, we can have serious problems in terms of competence and self-esteem (Harder). As our world begins to become just a little bit bigger we realize that our parents are no longer the complete authority, but also that our most significant relationships are with other kids either from school or the neighborhood. During this time children begin to enter Kohlberg’s second stage. At this stage children recognize that there is not just one right view that is handed down by the authorities (Crain). I remember when I was in school I was always afraid to get into trouble, but I also understood that you could only get into trouble if you got caught. 5. Adolescence: 12 to 18 Years Ego Development Outcome: Identity vs. Role Confusion Basic Strengths: Devotion and Fidelity According to Erikson our development was a result of what was done for us. From here on out, development depends primarily upon what we do. And while adolescence is a stage at which we are neither a child nor an adult, life is definitely getting more complex as we attempt to find our own identity, struggle with social interactions, and grapple with moral issues (Harder). Our main goal in this stage is to find out who we are in the world a side from our family. Unfortunately for those around us, in this process many of us go into a period of withdrawing from responsibilities, which Erikson called a moratorium. And if we are unsuccessful in navigating this stage, we will experience role confusion and upheaval (Harder). A significant task for us is to establish a philosophy of life and in this process we tend to think in terms of ideals, which are conflict free, rather than reality, which is not (Harder). The problem is that often times we use ideals in place of experience because of our lack of. However, we can also develop strong devotion to friends and causes. As for moral development, at this stage children, who are by now usually entering their teens, see morality as more than simple deals. They believe that people behave in a â€Å"goodâ€Å" way. Good behavior means having good motives and interpersonal feelings such as love, empathy, trust, and concern for others (Crain). 6. Young adulthood: 18 to 35 Ego Development Outcome: Intimacy and Solidarity vs. Isolation Basic Strengths: Affiliation and Love It is in this stage where we go out and try to find love. As we try to find mutually satisfying relationships, primarily through marriage and friends, we generally also begin to start a family, though this age has been pushed back for many couples who today dont start their families until their late thirties (Harder). If we are successful at this stage then we will experience love and intimacy at a deeper, more meaningful level. If were not successful then we may be more likely to become distant and isolate ourselves. When we can’t find satisfying relationships we find it hard to live a more satisfying life. According to Kohlber’s theory At stage 4 the respondent becomes more broadly concerned with society as a whole. Now the emphasis is on obeying laws, respecting authority, and performing ones duties so that the social order is maintained (Crain). This is where I think I am in as far as my life. I am married and have a lot of solid relationships with friends. Also as far as moral development my main focus is just working and obeying the laws and just doing what every citizen does to maintain an everyday life. 7. Middle Adulthood: 35 to 55 or 65 Ego Development Outcome: Generativity vs. Self absorption or Stagnation Basic Strengths: Production and Care During this stage work seems to become a high priority. Erikson observed that middle-age is the time when most people like filling their days with more meaningful and creative work and family issues. Also, middle adulthood is when we can expect to be in charge, the role weve longer envied. The main goal of this stage is to take the values of your own family such as raising children and passing them onto the next generation to help guide them. Strength comes through care of others and production of something that contributes to the betterment of society, which Erikson calls generativity, so when were in this stage we often fear inactivity and meaninglessness (Harder). As our lives move on and the children move away, our relationships change or our goals change often times we are faced with major life changes, or a mid-life crisis, and often struggle finding new purposes. If a person struggles getting through this stage then often times they can become self-absorbed and stagnate. According to Kohlberg’s theory at stage 5, people begin to ask, What makes for a good society? They begin to think about society in a very theoretical way, stepping back from their own society and considering the rights and values that a society ought to uphold (Crain). It is during this time when people understand that people would all want certain basic rights, such as liberty and life, to be protected Second, they would want some democratic procedures for changing unfair law and for improving society. 8. Late Adulthood: 55 or 65 to Death Ego Development Outcome: Integrity vs. Despair Basic Strengths: Wisdom It is in this stage that Erickson observed that people recover from the rest of middle adulthood. Perhaps that is because as older adults we can often look back on our lives with happiness and are content, feeling fulfilled with a deep sense that life has meaning and weve made a contribution to life, a feeling Erikson calls integrity (Harder). Our strength comes from a wisdom that the world is very large and we now have a detached concern for the whole of life, accepting death as the completion of life. On the other hand, some adults may reach this stage and despair at their experiences and perceived failures (Vander). They may fear death as they struggle to find a purpose to their lives, wondering Was the trip worth it? Alternatively, they may feel they have all the answers and end with a strong dogmatism that only their view has been correct. Again with Kohlber’s theory in stage 6 a commitment to justice makes the rationale for civil disobedience stronger and broader (Crain). Martin Luther King, for example, argued that laws are only valid insofar as they are grounded in justice, and that a commitment to justice carries with it an obligation to disobey unjust laws. Only being twenty-three it was easy to be able to relate to the different stages of Erikson and Kohlber’s theories. Although it is hard to hear about what is going to come next. Both of theories have shaped my life thus far. I think that these theories are interchangeable in regard that they work the same with either gender. As far as different cultures then either theory may need some tweaking. An example is the Chinese have different moral standards then Americans and thus different moral development. Both Erikson and Kohlberg’s theories have affected my own personal development. References: Harder, Arlene F.. The Developmental Stages of Erik Erikson. Learning Place Online.Com. 2002. 18 Feb. 2008 . Vander Zanden, James W., Crandall Thomas l., Crandall, Corinne Haines. (2007) Human development (8th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. W.C. Crain. (1985). Theories of Development. Prentice-Hall. pp. 118-136. Research Papers on Erik Erikson's TheoryThe Hockey GameBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyGenetic EngineeringOpen Architechture a white paperInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Project Managment Office System

Dance class jounal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Dance class jounal - Essay Example Because it is not all the time dancers will have their tutors with them but ought to have heightened level of discipline while exercising as well as attending classes. Initially, dance classes may appear extremely weird to any person who has never attended one though with time the entire session turns out to be extremely interesting. This is only after mastering, starting enjoying respective classes as one mingles and learns more from other dancers who have earned their living through the same besides being international celebrities. For instance, the renowned Michael Jackson who not only was a great musician but also an international dancer known to thrill his international audience with exceptional dancing moves (Davis). Hence, prompting the world at one time calling him â€Å"Dancing Machine† as stated in Davis’ study due to the performer’s remarkable expertise in dancing. This journal seeks to explore, highlight varied dancing aspects already covered during t he ongoing dancing improvisation sessions, my nervousness before the commencement of classes and what the entire process entails. Initially, during the commencement of my dancing classes I experienced extremely state of nervousness. This is because in my life I have never attended such kind of sessions or tried to learn dancing moves in a formal setting except copying new trends after seeing my peers doing them and sometimes from the media. Therefore, dancing improvisation sessions to me during then presented a mixture of emotions though with time I managed to cope with the new them. In most cases, classes in these sessions encompass dancing freely without one claiming to do any given or known style. Hence, give participants adequate time meant for them to be innovative and come up with new moves, which they believe eventually when perfected would be extremely thrilling to the audience. In addition, much of the time availed by tutors who once in awhile join dancers in ensuring they are keeping with their respective practice, is to ensure they develop heightened level of flexibility, which is essential to any individual aspiring to be a talented dancer. Besides dancing classes scheduled by tutors together with their respective managing institutions to teach learners new moves, they avail dancers adequate time meant to discover themselves. This is especially in ascertaining which areas they prove to be innovative as well as exhibit highest level of expertise in order to specialize in them. This is because dancing career has numerous dancing styles, which vary based on culture, region, religion, music genre, generations and others. However, dancers owing to their creativity might come up with new and completely new moves never seen due to the current increasing rate of modernization, which has not only influenced varied global sectors but also how people think. This is especially among youths who are currently extremely innovative compared to those of American er a in 1920s. Consequently, this is the reason the tutor normally checks in once in awhile to ensure dancers are still practicing besides coming up with new strategies meant to arouse creativity in us. For instance, the teacher in many times encourages us to imagine being water, soldier, and animal. The core purpose of this exercise is to show dancers they ought not to develop moves limited within certain entities but to be free even in incorporating

Current strengths and weaknesses of the Microsoft company Assignment

Current strengths and weaknesses of the Microsoft company - Assignment Example Communication and innovation is not prioritized within the organization. Despite the popularity of handheld devices, the demand for computers in the united sates and across the world continues to grow. In this regard, it is realized that the future prospects for the organization are still good. Apple and Linux certainly threaten the large market share presently held by Microsoft. Indeed, the popularity of the products from these manufacturers continues to grow and there is a strong indication that Microsoft cannot continue to hold the 88% market share (Phelps, 38). Fluctuations in the exchange rates across the world greatly affect the demand for the software in certain countries. The fluctuating currencies greatly affect revenues from the organization especially in the international markets. It is presently realized that some hardware manufacturers like Oracle, Sun manufacturers, and IBM have collaborated with new platform technologies thereby greatly reducing the demand for windows (Stross, 45). In the same way, some of the hard ware manufacturers issue software application with their hardware sales. This means that Microsoft’s products do not apply in such

Ethical Issue Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical Issue - Research Paper Example Introduction End of life decision making has become a major focus of attention in healthcare sector, reflected in the media, legislation, research, and health professional education. Nurses are the primary caregivers to patients as they struggle to make difficult decisions, either in advance of serious illness or at the end of life, and to family members coping with impending loss. Nurses thus have a central role to play in ongoing efforts to improve both the care that dying patients receive and the readiness of individuals to plan for this last phase of life. No matter where nurses function in their varied roles, they are faced with ethical decisions that can impact them and their patients in equal measure. The legal and ethical issues are significant in this era of increased campaign to improve the overall quality of healthcare. Strict adherence to the legal policies and healthcare practice ethical standards serves to boost the performance of healthcare proffesionals Review and Eva luation of Issue Ethical issues near the end of life (EOL) often arise because of concerns about how much and what kind of care make sense for someone with a limited life expectancy, particularly if the patient is very old. There is often conflict between physicians or nurses and family members about what constitutes appropriate care (Keegan, Drick & Watson, 2011). Many of these conflicts can be avoided by clarifying who makes the difficult decisions to limit care and by advance care planning. Understanding the ethical and legal framework in which such decisions are made can also transform what appear to be problematic questions into straightforward answers. Ethical decision making is complex and difficult. For this reason, many professions compose ethical codes to aid their practitioners, to aid those in the profession in dealing with perplexing situations that inevitably arise (Keegan, Drick & Watson, 2011). The American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics is of course one suc h code. It outlines the important general values, duties, and responsibilities that flow from the specific role of being a nurse. The relationship of the individual practitioner to the code, however, is an aspect of professional moral life that requires interpretation and may not always be well understood (Fry, Veatch & Taylor, 2011). A historical and theoretical analysis of the ANA Code can provide for an understanding as to how it is to be used not as a substitute for moral thinking but as an aid to moral thinking. According to Nightingale’s theoretical approach of observation and determining what needs to be done in caring for those dying and their families, there is still the unknown of what takes place in the present moment. End of life is associated with a substantial burden of suffering among many dying individuals as well as health and financial consequences that extend to family members and society. When Nightingale entered nursing, there were no formal ethical stand ards, but she embodied and advocated for the need of high ethical standards herself. In formalization stage, some organization, person, or persons amalgamates earlier traditions, precepts, practices, and rules, attempting to construct a coherent assemblage out of them, and, in the process, attempts to rationalize and justify them, and the field more generally, often emphasizing ideals of service to others and dedication to some public good (Lachman, 2006). The

Ignition Timing Advance Of The Petrol Engine Engineering Essay

Ignition Timing Advance Of The Petrol Engine Engineering Essay Ignition Timing: as applied to the spark ignition engines (petrol engines) is a process of setting the time at which the spark plug should fire in the combustion chamber during the compression with respect to the piston position and the crankshaft angular velocity. The spark plug should fire before TDC and the flame should terminate after TDC. Setting the appropriate ignition timing is very crucial as it decides the time available for combustion of the air-fuel mixture. Hence, the ignition timing affects many variables including fuel economy and engine power output. Earlier engines that use mechanical spark distributors rely on the inertia of rotating weights and springs and manifold vacuum in order to set the ignition timing throughout the RPM range of the engine; whereas the latest engines consists of an ECU (engine control unit) which uses a computer to control the ignition timing throughout the engines RPM range. Factors influencing ignition timing: Type of ignition system used. Engine speed. Load of the engine: with more load (larger throttle opening) requiring less advance (as the mixture burns faster). Components used in the ignition system. Settings of the ignition system components. Temperature of the engine; lower temperature allows for more advance. The ignition timing to some extent also depends on the octane number of the fuel, and the air-fuel ratio as this determines the speed with which the fuel burns. Usually, any major engine changes or upgrades will require a change to the ignition timing settings of the engine. Timing Advance: refers to the number of degrees before top dead centre (bTDC) that the spark will ignite the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber during the compression stroke. In contrast to that, timing retard refers to the changing in ignition timing, so that the fuel ignition takes place later than the manufacturers specified time. As an example, if the set ignition time was 12Â ° bTDC, then when the fuel ignition starts later than 12Â ° bTDC, it is known as ignition retard; similarly when the air-fuel mixture is ignited at an angle greater than 12Â ° bTDC, it would be known as ignition advance. Timing advance is necessary because it takes time for the combustion of the air-fuel mixture to complete. Igniting the mixture before the piston ends its compression stroke would maximize the limit to which the mixture burns completely, and hence help to build up maximum pressure soon after the piston reaches the TDC. This would ensure maximum power output by maximizing the force with which the piston is pushed down, by maximizing the pressure as soon as the piston starts going down when the power stroke is initiated. Ideally, the mixture should be completely burnt by 20Â ° aTDC (after TDC). If the ignition occurs at a position that is too advanced relative to the piston position, the rapidly expanding air-fuel mixture can actually push against the piston still moving up, causing detonation and lost power; whereas if the ignition is too retarded relative to the piston position, the maximum cylinder pressure will occur after the piston has already travelled too far down the cylinder. This would result in lost power accompanied by high emissions and unburnt fuel. Why is Ignition timing advance required? The ignition timing needs to be increasingly advanced (relative to the TDC) as the engine speed increases, so that the air-fuel mixture has the correct amount of time to burn completely. As the engine speed increases, the time available to burn the mixture decreases while the burning itself proceeds at the same speed; this requires the burning to start earlier to complete in time. The correct timing advance for a given engine speed will allow for maximum cylinder pressure to be achieved at the correct crankshaft angular position. Combustion in SI Engines: The combustion process in SI engines consists of three major parts: Ignition and flame development, Flame propagation, and Flame termination. Consumption of the first 5-10% of the air-fuel mixture is generally considered as the flame development. During the flame development period, the spark plug fires and the combustion process starts, but very little pressure rise is observed (graph-1). Almost all the useful work is produced in an engine cycle during the flame propagation period of the combustion process. During this period 80-90% of the air-fuel mass is burnt; the cylinder pressure is greatly increased which provides the force to produce work in the expansion stroke. The final 5-10% of the air-fuel mass which burns is classified as flame termination. During this time, pressure drops and combustion is finally terminated. The combustion process ideally consists of an exothermic sub-sonic flame progression through a premixes almost homogenous air-fuel mixture. The spread of the flame front is greatly enhanced by the induced turbulence and swirl within the cylinder. Ignition and Flame Development: The process of combustion is initiated by an electric discharge across the electrodes of a spark plug anywhere between 10Â ° to 30Â ° bTDC, depending on the geometry of the combustion chamber. The high-temperature plasma discharge between the electrodes ignites the air-fuel mixture in the immediate vicinity, and the flame spreads outwards from here. Graph . The increase in pressure rise is very slow after ignition during the flame development period. This results in a slow pressure force increase on the piston and a smooth engine cycle. Maximum pressure occurs 5Â ° to 10Â ° aTDC. The combustion starts very slowly due to the high heat losses to the relatively cold spark plug and the gas mixture. The flame can generally be detected at about 6Â ° of crank rotation after the spark plug firing. The applied potential across the spark plug is usually 25,000-40,000 V. overall spark discharge lasts about 0.001 second with an average temperature of about 6000 K. The discharge of the spark plug delivers about 30 to 50 mJ of energy, most of which is lost by heat transfer. Ignition Systems: The few commonly used methods used to produce the high voltage potential, which is required to cause the electrical discharge across the spark plug electrodes, are: Battery-coil combination: Most automobiles use a 12-volt electrical system, including a 12-volt battery. This voltage is multiplied many times by the coil that supplies the very high potential delivered to the spark plug. Capacitor Discharge: Some systems use a capacitor to discharge across the spark plug electrodes at the proper time. Magneto system: Most small engines and some larger ones use a magneto driven off the engine crankshaft to generate the needed spark plug voltage. Some engines have a separate high-voltage generation system for each spark plug, while the others have a single system with a distributor that shifts from one cylinder to the next. The Spark Plug: The gap between the electrodes on a modern spark plug is about 0.7 to 1.7 mm. smaller gaps are acceptable if there is a rich air-fuel mixture or if the pressure is high (i.e. high inlet pressure by turbocharging or a high compression ratio). Normal temperature of spark plug electrodes between firings should be about 650Â ° to 700Â ° C. A temperature above 950Â °C risks the possibility of surface ignition, and a temperature below 350Â °C tends to promote surface fouling over extended time. For older engines with worn piston rings that burn an excess of oil, hotter plugs are recommended to avoid fouling. Hotter plugs have a greater heat conduction resistance than colder plugs. Modern spark plugs have a greater life span than the old ones. Some of the high quality spark plugs with platinum-tipped electrodes are made to last 160,000 km or more. Harley Davidson uses gold-tipped spark plugs. One reason this is desirable is the difficulty in replacing spark plugs in some modern engines due to the complexity and compactness of engine and increased amount of engine equipment. Figure . An NGK spark plug Spark plug firing: When a spark plug fires, the plasma discharge ignites the air-fuel mixture between and near the electrodes. This creates a spherical flame front that propagates outward into the combustion chamber. At first, the flame front moves very slowly because of its original size; it does not generate enough energy to quickly heat the surrounding gases and thus propagates very slowly. As a result of this, the cylinder pressure is not raised quickly and very little compression heating is experienced. Once the first 5-10% of the air-fuel mass is burnt, the flame velocity reaches higher values with corresponding rise in pressure, the flame propagation region. It is desirable to have a rich air-fuel mixture around the electrodes of the spark plug at ignition, as it ignited easily and more readily, has a faster flame speed and initiates the combustion process well. Spark plugs are generally located near the intake valves to assure a richer mixture, especially when starting a cold engine. Latest developments in spark plug/ignition system technology: The efforts to develop better ignition system continue. Spark plugs with several electrodes and two or more simultaneous sparks are now available. They give a more consistent ignition and quicker flame development. One of the modern systems still under development gives a continuing arc after the initial discharge; this additional spark will speed up combustion and give a more complete combustion as the air-fuel mixture swirls through the combustion chamber. Development work has been done to create a spark plug with variable electrode gap size. This would allow flexibility in ignition for different operating conditions. At least one automobile manufacturer is experimenting with engines that use a point on top of the piston as one of the spark electrodes. Using this system, spark ignition can be initiated across the gaps of 1.5 to 8 mm with a reported lowering of fuel consumption and emissions. Flame Propagation: Induced turbulence and swirl causes the flame propagation speed to increase by 10 times than if there were a laminar flame front moving through a stationary gas mixture. These motions also cause the flame front to expand spherically from the spark plug in stationary air and is greatly distorted and spread. As the gas mixture burns, the temperature and pressure rise to high values. Figure . A typical flame propagation pattern. The burnt gases behind the flame front are hotter than the unburnt gases before the flame front, with all the gases at about the same pressure. This decreases the density of the burnt gases and expands them to occupy a greater percentage of the total combustion chamber volume. Compression of the unburnt gases raises their temperature by compressive heating. In addition, radiation heating emitted from the flame reaction zone, which is at a temperature on the order of 3000 K, further heats the gases in the combustion chamber, unburnt and burnt, raising the pressure further. Heat transfer by conduction and convection are minor as compared to radiation, due to very short real time involved in each cycle. The environment inside the combustion chamber is such that the progressive increase in temperature and pressure in taking place, causing the reaction time to decrease and flame front speed to increase. The temperature of the burnt gases is not uniform. It is higher near the spark plug where the combustion had initiated. Ideally, the air-fuel mixture should be around two-thirds burnt at TDC and almost completely burnt at about 15Â ° aTDC. This causes the maximum pressure and temperature of the cycle to occur somewhere between 5Â ° and 10Â ° aTDC. A lesser pressure rise rate gives lower thermal efficiency and danger of knock. The combustion process is therefore a compromise between the highest thermal efficiency possible and a smooth engine cycle with some loss of efficiency. Burn angle, Ignition and Ignition advance: The typical burn angle, the angle through which the crankshaft turns during combustion, is about 25Â ° for most engines. If combustion is to be completed at 15Â ° aTDC then ignition should occur at about 20Â ° bTDC. If ignition is too early, the cylinder pressure will increase to undesirable levels before TDC, and useful work would be wasted in compression stroke. If ignition is late, peak pressure will not occur early enough, and work will be lost at the start of power stroke due to lower pressure. Graph . Average flame speed in the combustion chamber. Lean air-fuel mixtures have slower flame speeds, with maximum speed occurring when slightly rich mixture at an equivalence ratio near 1.2 Actual ignition timing is typically anywhere from 10Â ° to 30Â ° bTDC, depending on the fuel used, engine geometry, and engine speed. For any given engine, the combustion occurs faster at higher engine speed. Real time for combustion is therefore less, but real time for engine cycle is also less, and the burn angle is only slightly changed. This slight change is corrected by advancing the spark as the engine speed in increased. This initiates combustion slightly earlier in the cycle, peak temperature and pressure remaining at about 5Â ° to 10Â ° aTDC. At part throttle, ignition timing is advanced to compensate for the resulting slower flame speed. Graph . Burn angle as a function of engine speed. Timing adjustment in Modern engines: Modern engines automatically adjust ignition timing with electronic controls. These not only use engine speed to set the timing but also sense and make fine adjustment for knock and incorrect exhaust emissions. Earlier engines used a mechanical timing adjustment that consisted of a spring-loaded ignition distributor that changed with engine speed due to centrifugal forces. Ignition timing on many small engines is set at an average position with no adjustment possible. Graph . Average combustion chamber flame speed as a function of engine speed for a typical SI engine. Flame Termination: 90 95% of the air-fuel mass has been combusted by 15Â ° to 20Â ° aTDC and the flame front has reached the extreme corners of the combustion chamber. The last 5 10% of the mass has been compressed into a few percent of the combustion chamber volume by the expanding burning gases behind the flame front. Although at this point the piston has already moved away from TDC, the combustion chamber volume has only increased on the order of 10 20% from the very small clearance volume. This means that the last mass of air and fuel will react in a very small volume in the corner of the combustion chamber and along the chamber walls, at a reduced rate. Near the walls, turbulence and mass motion of the gas mixture have dampened out and there is a stagnant boundary layer. The large mass of metal cylinder walls also act as a heat sink and conduct away much of the energy being released in the reaction flame. Both these mechanisms reduce the rate of reaction and flame speed, and the flame is finally terminated as it slowly dies out. Although very little additional work is delivered by the piston during the flame termination, it still is a desirable occurrence. Because the rise in cylinder pressure tapers off slowly towards zero during this flame termination, the forces transmitted to the piston also taper off slowly resulting in smooth engine operation. Self Ignition: During the flame termination period, self-ignition will sometimes occur in the end gas and engine knock will occur. The temperature of the unburnt gases in front of the flame front continues to rise during the combustion process, reaching a maximum in the last end gas. The maximum temperature is often above self-ignition temperature. Because the flame front moves slowly at this time, the gases are often not consumed during ignition delay time, and self-ignition occurs. The resulting knock is usually not objectionable or even noticeable. This is because there is so little unburnt air-fuel left at this time that self-ignition can only cause very slight pressure pulses. Maximum power is obtained from an engine when it operates with very slight self-ignition and knock at the end of the combustion process. This occurs when maximum pressure and temperature exist in the combustion chamber and knock gives a small pressure boost at the end of combustion. Abnormal Combustion: Abnormal combustion is referred to a combustion process in which a flame front may be started by hot combustion chamber surfaces either prior to or after spark ignition, or a process in which some part or all of the charge may be consumed at extremely high rates. Figure . Phenomenon of abnormal combustion The two important abnormal combustion phenomena of major concern are: Knock, and Surface Ignition They are of major concern, because: When severe, they can cause major engine damage; and Even if not severe, they are regarded as an objectionable source of noise by the engine or vehicle operator. Knock: is the name given to the noise which is transmitted through the engine structure when essentially spontaneous ignition of a portion of the end gas. This is when the fuel, air, residual gas, mixture ahead of the propagating flame occurs. When this process takes place, there is an extremely rapid release of much of the chemical energy in the end gas, causing very high local pressures and the propagation of pressure waves of substantial amplitude across the combustion chamber. Surface Ignition: is ignition of the fuel-air mixture by a hot spot on the combustion chamber walls such as an overheated valve or spark plug, or glowing combustion chamber deposit: i.e. by any other means other than the normal spark discharge. It can occur before the occurrence of the spark (pre-ignition) or after (post-ignition). Following the surface ignition, a turbulent flame develops at each surface-ignition location and starts to propagate across the chamber in an analogous manner to what occurs with normal spark ignition. Types of Abnormal Combustion in SI Engines: Spark Knock: A knock which is recurrent and repeatable in terms of audibility. It is controllable by the spark advance; advancing the spark increases the knock intensity and retarding the spark reduces the intensity. Surface Ignition: hot spots combustion chamber deposits: Surface ignition is ignition of the fuel-air mixture charge by any hot surface other than the spark discharge prior to the arrival of the normal flame front. It may occur before the spark ignites the charge (pre-ignition) or after normal ignition (post-ignition). Surface ignition can be of two types: Knocking surface ignition: Knock which has been preceded by surface ignition. It is not controllable by spark advance. Non-Knocking surface ignition: Surface ignition which does not result in knock. Run-on: It is the continuation of engine firing after the electrical ignition is shut off. Runaway surface ignition: Surface ignition which occurs earlier and earlier in the cycle. It can lead to serious overheating and structural damage to the engine. Wild Ping: Knocking surface ignition characterized by one or more erratic sharp cracks. It is probably the result of early surface ignition from deposit particles. Rumble: A low-pitched thudding noise accompanied by engine roughness. It is probably caused by high rates of pressure rise associated with early ignition or multiple surface ignitions. Knock primarily occurs under wide-open-throttle operating condition. It is thus a direct constraint on engine performance. It also constraints engine efficiency, since by effectively limiting the temperature and pressure of the end-gas, it limits the engine compression ratio. The occurrence and severity of the knock depend on the knock resistance of the fuel and on the anti-knock characteristics of the engine. Measures to avoid knocking: The ability of the fuel to resist knock is measures by its octane number; higher octane numbers indicate greater resistance to knock. Gasoline octane ratings can be improved by refining processes, such as catalytic cracking and reforming, which convert low-octane hydrocarbons to high-octane hydrocarbons. Also, antiknock additives such as alcohols, lead alkyls, or an organomanganese compound can be used. The octane number requirement of an engine depends on how its design and conditions under which it is operated affect the temperature and pressure of the end-gas ahead of the flame and the time required to burn the cylinder charge. An engines tendency to knock, as defined by its octane number is increased by factors that produce higher temperatures and pressures or lengthen the burning time. Octane Requirement: can be defined as the octane rating of the fuel required to avoid knock. Thus knock is a constraint that depends on both the quality of the available fuels and on the ability of the engine designer to achieve the desired normal combustion behavior while holding the engines tendency to knock at a minimum. Some major steps: The use of a fuel with higher octane number. The addition of octane-increasing additives in the fuel Ignition Timing Retardation . Use of a spark plug of colder heat range, in cases, where the spark plug insulator has become a source of pre-ignition leading to knock. Reduction of charge temperature e.g. through fuel evaporation inside the cylinder (GDI) Anti knock combustion chamber design. Consequences of engine knock: The engine can be damaged by knock in different ways: -piston ring sticking breakage of the piston rings failure of the cylinder head gasket -cylinder head erosion piston crown and top erosion -piston melting and holing Examples of component damage due to pre ignition and knock are shown below: Stroboscope: A stroboscope in an instrument used to make cyclically moving object appear to be moving slow or stationary. The principle is used for the study of rotating, reciprocating, oscillating or vibrating objects. Machine parts and vibrating strings are common examples. In its simplest form, a rotating disc with evenly-spaced holes is placed in the line of sight between the observer and the moving object. The rotational speed of the disc is adjusted so that it becomes synchronised with the movement of the observed system, which seems to slow and stop. The illusion is caused by temporal aliasing, commonly known as the stroboscopic effect. In electronic versions, the perforated disc is replaced by a lamp capable of emitting brief and rapid flashes of light. The frequency of the flash is adjusted so that it is an equal to, or a unit fraction below or above the objects cyclic speed, at which point the object is seen to be either stationary or moving backward or forward, depending on the flash frequency. Observations: Engine Speed Throttle Position Degree Advance 475 5% 10Â ° 580 8% 17Â ° 657 22% 22Â °

Macbeth Essay -- English Literature Essays

Macbeth Trace Macbeths change over the course of the play. How does Shakespeare convey it? The transition from brave and loyal thane to brutal tyrant king can be easily traced, when focusing on the character of Macbeth throughout the play. All aspects of the character change to some extent as his sins and treachery increase in extremity; this includes his relationship with his wife and friends, his clothing, his style of speaking, his attitudes towards fate, paranoia and fear. Shakespeare conveys this change in character to the reader by making all of these different and changing character aspects obvious at some stage during the play. At the start of the play lady Macbeth is the more dominant character in the relationship. In his letter to his wife about the witches' prophecies, Macbeth writes, "This have I thought good to deliver thee, my dearest partner of greatness, that thou mightst not lose the dues of rejoicing, by being ignorant of what greatness is promised thee". He knows that his "partner" will like the idea of being Queen and seems to offer the news as a kind of present, this shows that Macbeth really feels as though he has to please her. However, it is Lady Macbeth that takes charge of the situation and ensures that Duncan is murdered, rather than allowing Macbeth to have his way and let Duncan live. After Macbeth has committed the murder he is distraught and talking about the intensity of the blood on his hands, once again Lady Macbeth takes control of the situation, by saying â€Å"a little water clears us of this deed† she attempts to clear Macbeths conscience. The change in the obvious contr ol Lady Macbeth holds over Macbeths actions, in the first two acts, becomes evident in the banquet scene ( scene 4, act 3 ), by this stage Macbeth is arranging the murder of Banquo without the assistance or reassurance of Lady Macbeth, however, when Macbeth is supposedly seeing the ghost of Banquo later on in the scene, it is Lady Macbeth who, once again, is put into a position of control, as she attempts to cover for her husband and explain his confusing speeches. As the play continues, the plot intensifies, and as Macbeth changes, Lady Macbeth plays a smaller role in the outcome of events. The audience sees her character in decreasing amounts, after the banquet scene, she only features in scene 1, Act 5. Which shows her increasing insanity, as Lad... ...s may not have had any supernatural powers whatsoever, other than Macbeth receiving the title of thane of Cawdor, which may have been coincidence, Macbeth caused everything else to happen, not giving fate a chance as he was causing everything to happen himself. Whether or not you make you own fate is one of the major themes explored by Shakespeare in the play of Macbeth. In the final scene of the play Malcolm describes Macbeth as a â€Å"dead butcher† this in itself sums up the change of Macbeths character, especially when compared to the praise received by the character during the first act of the play. During the early stages of the play Macbeth is described as a â€Å"worthy cousin† to the king and as a â€Å"noble partner† to Banquo, by the end of the play Macbeth has ensured the death of both, either doing it himself or arranging for murderers to do the deed. One has to wonder if it was in Macbeths destiny to face such changes in character, or if it happened as a result of the three weird sisters, playing with a situation that was not meant for their involvement. Regardless of the cause, Shakespeare successfully shows the change in character throughout the play in a large variety of ways. Macbeth Essay -- English Literature Essays Macbeth Trace Macbeths change over the course of the play. How does Shakespeare convey it? The transition from brave and loyal thane to brutal tyrant king can be easily traced, when focusing on the character of Macbeth throughout the play. All aspects of the character change to some extent as his sins and treachery increase in extremity; this includes his relationship with his wife and friends, his clothing, his style of speaking, his attitudes towards fate, paranoia and fear. Shakespeare conveys this change in character to the reader by making all of these different and changing character aspects obvious at some stage during the play. At the start of the play lady Macbeth is the more dominant character in the relationship. In his letter to his wife about the witches' prophecies, Macbeth writes, "This have I thought good to deliver thee, my dearest partner of greatness, that thou mightst not lose the dues of rejoicing, by being ignorant of what greatness is promised thee". He knows that his "partner" will like the idea of being Queen and seems to offer the news as a kind of present, this shows that Macbeth really feels as though he has to please her. However, it is Lady Macbeth that takes charge of the situation and ensures that Duncan is murdered, rather than allowing Macbeth to have his way and let Duncan live. After Macbeth has committed the murder he is distraught and talking about the intensity of the blood on his hands, once again Lady Macbeth takes control of the situation, by saying â€Å"a little water clears us of this deed† she attempts to clear Macbeths conscience. The change in the obvious contr ol Lady Macbeth holds over Macbeths actions, in the first two acts, becomes evident in the banquet scene ( scene 4, act 3 ), by this stage Macbeth is arranging the murder of Banquo without the assistance or reassurance of Lady Macbeth, however, when Macbeth is supposedly seeing the ghost of Banquo later on in the scene, it is Lady Macbeth who, once again, is put into a position of control, as she attempts to cover for her husband and explain his confusing speeches. As the play continues, the plot intensifies, and as Macbeth changes, Lady Macbeth plays a smaller role in the outcome of events. The audience sees her character in decreasing amounts, after the banquet scene, she only features in scene 1, Act 5. Which shows her increasing insanity, as Lad... ...s may not have had any supernatural powers whatsoever, other than Macbeth receiving the title of thane of Cawdor, which may have been coincidence, Macbeth caused everything else to happen, not giving fate a chance as he was causing everything to happen himself. Whether or not you make you own fate is one of the major themes explored by Shakespeare in the play of Macbeth. In the final scene of the play Malcolm describes Macbeth as a â€Å"dead butcher† this in itself sums up the change of Macbeths character, especially when compared to the praise received by the character during the first act of the play. During the early stages of the play Macbeth is described as a â€Å"worthy cousin† to the king and as a â€Å"noble partner† to Banquo, by the end of the play Macbeth has ensured the death of both, either doing it himself or arranging for murderers to do the deed. One has to wonder if it was in Macbeths destiny to face such changes in character, or if it happened as a result of the three weird sisters, playing with a situation that was not meant for their involvement. Regardless of the cause, Shakespeare successfully shows the change in character throughout the play in a large variety of ways.

Food and Beverage Essay

Food and Beverage Service is the service of Food made in the Kitchen and Drinks prepared in the Bar to the Customers (Guest) at the Food & Beverage premises, which can be: Restaurants, Bars, Hotels, Airlines, Cruise Ships, Trains, Companies, Schools, Colleges, Hospitals, Prisons, Takeaway etc Food & Beverage Outlets are divided in to the following categories: Restaurants: Restaurants are places where Food & Drink is served. There are various types of Restaurants: All Day Dining Restaurants: They are sometimes called as Coffee Shops or Cafe in Hotels. They are usually big in size with many Covers (seats), compared to other Restaurants in the same Hotel. The main reason why they are called All Day Dining Restaurant is because of their hours of operation, as they are open for Breakfast in the Morning to Lunch in the afternoon to Dinner in the Evening. Fine Dining Restaurants: Fine Dining Restaurants are characterized by their elaborate and exclusive menu with special emphasis on the very high quality food they serve. The emphasis being on fresh ingredients and natural flavors or on the type of Cuisine served, or both. Usually the operation of this restaurant revolves around the Head Chef or Chef De Cuisine of this Outlet. Specialty Restaurants: These are Restaurants which usually have a type of National or Regional Character or Cuisine attached to them, for example: Italian Specialty Restaurant, Chinese Specialty Restaurant etc. In some Hotels they do also sometimes have Multi Cuisine Specialty Restaurant, which literally means that Restaurant serves cuisine from more than one country, or the dishes on the Menu at that Restaurant has Food Specialties from many different countries. 2. Lounge: Lounges can be found in different hotels. Their main purpose is to offer Food & Drinks in relaxed surroundings with comfortable and cozy seating in relaxed surroundings. There are many kinds of Lounges ranging from a Lounge in a Lobby, Cocktail Lounge and Cigar Lounge to Executive and Club Lounge in special Floors. 3. Bar: Bar is a place where drinks are served. There is usually a small Snacks Menu too. The service is fast and quick. There are various kinds of Bars ranging from Formal bars to Club Bars, Pubs, Pool Bars, Wine Bars, Cocktail Bars, Beach Bar to Juice Bars and many more. 4. Discotheque/Nightclub: They are outlets where Music and Entertainment takes priority with the Food & Drink. The operation is very fast and the guest numbers are large. Security is an important aspect in these operations. Music and entertainment can range from DJ to live bands playing. 5. Room Service/In Room Dining: Room Service, also known as In Room Dining . It is the service of Food & Drink in Guest Rooms in a Hotel or a Resort. Depending on the size and type of Hotel or Resort its functions vary. 6. Meeting and Conference Rooms: Meeting and Conference rooms together with Ball Rooms come under the Banquets & Conference section. They are a great source of Revenue in Food & Beverage Department usually in Corporate and City Hotels. MICE (Meetings, Incentives, and Conferences & Exhibitions) can alone bring much revenue in some hotels in comparison to other outlets in Hotel. 7. Ball Rooms: These are large Function Rooms which are primarily used for Functions and Weddings. The Staffing ration of Full Time Staff in this section is very less as the Function and Wedding Business can sometimes be seasonal and extra staff is usually filled in by the use of Casual Staff. This Section is the most Dynamic section in Food & Beverage with the Conference Section, which is more physically demanding and creatively oriented. 8. Delicatessen: Delicatessen or Deli traditionally had been a place where fresh meat and other produce were available. Hotels nowadays use this concept of having a Deli on their premises, where guests can buy fresh produce ranging from Freshly Baked Bread, Cold Meat, Fresh Salads, Cakes, Home Made Ice creams and light and healthy drinks. 9. Others: There are many other Food & Beverage outlets ranging from Fast Food Outlets to Food Courts to Snack Bars which are usually stand alone or in a shopping centre. This is just a brief introduction to Food and Beverage. Detailed information on Food and Beverage can be found at Food and Beverage Bible E Book By Santosh Koripella at: www. foodnbeveragebible. com.

‘Hoods’ a Drama Production

The performance ‘Hoods’ by Barking Gecko Theatre Co. is a play about two young children, Jessie and Kyle, who create video game style situations to pass the time as they are left in the car by their mother. This play was performed at Thornlie Senior High School’s Performing Arts Centre on Friday the 1st of April 2011. It was a great honour to have this brilliant play shown to the high school students as it showed perseverance of the young children. The play was written by Angela Betzien and directed by Leticia Ca’ceres. The actors were Sam Longley and Andrea Gibbs, Sam who played Kyle and Andrea who played Jessie. The style in which the play was performed was presentational although there are some parts of realism because situations like these actually do happen. The actors played multiple characters and morphed into each one. The morphing shows visible changes of character. They had great versatility of characters and played each one with passion for the role. The facial expressions they used seemed to add to the way they acted and made us, as an audience believe their roles much more. Other presentational aspects include the use of direct address and poetic narration throughout the performance. Jessie and Kyle’s mother leaves them and their baby brother (Troy) in the car as she went to the shops. Troy get sick and the children are fearful of their situation and go off to seek their grandmother. Their mother hadn’t actually forgotten about them but rather had been caught shoplifting for them and was taken away. The themes for ‘Hoods’ would be child neglect, poverty and domestic violence. The playwright had the intention of telling these children’s story to the audience. As children they don’t have the ability to tell people their situation and get help like adults can. The intentions would be that they wrote the play with the intention of showing powerlessness, and making the characters feel vulnerable as they are so young and in situations we don’t expect children to be in, they delivered these very effectively. There are three main parts of the play where they are powerless, when the children are in the car trying to find their mum, when the counsellor has no power to take the children out and treat them and when the mother is powerless against the father’s violent ways. Their costumes were old and shaggy due to their setting being dirty and poverty stricken. They both wore hoods which they either wore on or off their heads, depending on what character they were playing. The set contained very few objects, a box that acted as a car, the fence and some chairs. This added to the deserted feel of the play. The lighting was dark with the main lighting in the middle, where most of the action took place. There were also few props, the baby, Jessie’s ‘magic’ wand and even though it was clothing, Jessie’s jacket as it was something she never took off, like her comfort blanket. There were different sounds throughout the performance, such as, cars, sirens, explosions and dogs barking. The stage at the high school was quite spacious giving the actors a chance to use it all, which they did perfectly. I really liked the performance, it was interesting and compelling. There was action, comedy and tragedy which all added to the performance’s appeal. It did start to get slightly boring toward the end but it think that was because it was quite long, but overall very good. I think most of the audience liked it due to the attention they payed and the amount of applause at the end. I would definitely recommend ‘Hoods’ to anyone looking for a great play to watch.

Dante on Islam essays

Dante on Islam essays Divine Retribution ( in Italian contrapasso) is clearly shown in canto 28 by showing the punishment of the sowers of schism and scandal in the 9th bolgia of circle 8. To begin this canto, Dante talks of the many wars in Puglia (southeastern Italy) and across the peninsula which have been known as the bloodiest. He does this to show that this 9th bolgia is far bloodier than these, and beyond description. Those in this bolgia are punished by having to walk a track where they are cut open and slashed, but their wounds heal only to be cut again. The father of the worldwide religion of Islam, Mahomet, is placed here, along with his follower, Ali. To illustrate the severity of the punishments to which these people are under, Dante uses the idea of blood and bones with decaying flesh. He states that the extent is incomprehensible, and cannot be captured by words, yet he says that if the bones and blood of the many wars that have plagued the peninsula of Italy could be piled up, they would not compare to the sight of the 9th bolgia. The punishment is extremely grotesque and demeaning as shown by the description of Mahomet as being ripped open from his chin to where we fart. Between his legs his guts spilled out, with the heart and other vital parts, and the dirty sack that turns to *censored* whatever the mouth gulps down. The disgust that accompanies this description must be intended and it is no coincidence that is the father of the nation of Islam. With Mahomet and Ali are others which can be classified as being sowers of scandal as opposed to schism in the religious sense. They are the causes of wars, troubles, and many persons discord and death. Some have their throats slits, others cut beyond recognition, and others have their arms chopped off. Bertran de Born, who counciled the young prince Henry to revolt against his father, King Henry II of England, is among those. With the young princes death ...

A critical analysis of a scenario demonstrating an understanding of Essay

A critical analysis of a scenario demonstrating an understanding of the underpinning theoretical frameworks - Essay Example According to Kubler Ross just before the grief cycle people are stable in their emotions as they begin to take in the information about the individuals death. As they begin to grieve, they experience the following cycle: Although this may not be the case for everyone, it seems that Mr. and Mrs. Green have reached a stage where therapy is needed to get through their grief. Mr. Green is definitely in the anger stage. He wants to strike out at someone and he wants his son back. On the one hand he is in the denial stage because he wants to blame someone else for his sons demise. He doesn’t want to accept that his son could have done this on his on. Unfortunately we dont have a lot of information on Mrs. Green, but it may see that she is still in denial because she wants to keep some of his pictures around. We cant be sure whether this is because she has come to terms with her sons death or whether this is something that she is still holding on to because she is stuck in denial; we would need more information to tell. Mr. Green seems to be the focal point of the therapy session because he is the most vocal. As a therapist, I dont think the therapist in the scenario is doing her job. It doesn’t seem that the individual is helpful to her clients. She seems to want to distance herself from them instead of interacting with them. Although it is important not to hug a client in most instances, it doesnt seem from the information we have that this individual is actually helping them through the process. Some of the most successful therapists show empathy with tears or with a hug to a patient when they are grieving. It is clear that this is not this therapists style and although this is permissible, it doesnt seem like what this couple needs. To sense the clients private world as if it were your own, but without ever losing the "as if" quality--this is empathy, and this seems essential to therapy. To sense the clients anger, fear, or confusion as if

Bacterial biofilms and disease PowerPoint Presentation

Bacterial biofilms and disease - PowerPoint Presentation Example Different bacterial species specifically attach to different surfaces and could aggregate with other species or a combination of species. The organization and structure of biofilms are elaborate. Channels are present for the circulation of nutrients. The different regions show different expression of genes, pointing to functional heterogeneity. Sessile or attached biofilm communities can give rise to nonsessile microbes that can rapidly multiply and disperse. Thus, bacterial biofilms are not easily eradicated by conventional antibiotic therapy, which can lead to chronic bacterial infections. Some biofilms have beneficial effects, i.e. the prevention of colonisation of tissues by exogenous pathogens ("colonisation resistance"). Biofilms prevent pathogen colonisation is due to the production of acids, hydrogen peroxide, biosurfactants. In some cases, the disappearance of protective biofilm indicates the presence exogenous pathogens. Dental plaque, found on teeth surface also protects by the same mechanism. The proliferation of biofilms in certain cases can result in biofilm that can cause medical diseases such as caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. Aside from oral infections, use of implantable medical devices and impairment in the individual’s host defence mechanism results in biofilm diseases. Acute infections can be treated effectively with antibiotics except those that are caused by antibiotic resistant strains. However, many infectious diseases are caused by bacterial species by bacteria that are common in the environment or are living in the human bodies. However, more than half of the infectious diseases that affect mildly compromised individuals involve bacterial species that are commensal with the human body or are common in our environments. Surfaces of medical devices that are used in diagnosing or treating bacterial infections can harbour the presence of slime-encased bacteria (Table 1 and Figure 2). Chronic bacterial infections that are